The causes of anemia in dogs:

a), hemorrhagic anemia:

1. Acute hemorrhagic anemia, in which internal organs (such as liver, spleen, cavity, etc.) are caused by trauma or surgery in dogs. Arteries and vena cava, etc.) and rupture of blood vessels outside the body cause massive bleeding, causing the body's blood volume to suddenly decrease.
2. Chronic hemorrhagic anemia is mainly caused by chronic stomach and intestinal inflammation, hemorrhagic inflammation of the lungs, kidneys, bladder and uterus, resulting in long-term repeated bleeding.
3. In addition, canine hookworm infection can also cause dogs to suffer from chronic hemorrhagic anemia.

b) Hemolytic anemia:

Due to various reasons, anemia caused by a large amount of destruction of red blood cells in dogs is called hemolytic anemia.
1. Caused by infectious factors. Such as leptospirosis, herpes pathogens, trypanosomiasis, hemolytic streptococcus infection, etc.
2. Toxic diseases. Heavy metal poisoning such as: lead, copper, arsenic, mercury, etc.: Chemical drug poisoning: benzene, phenol, sulfonamide, etc. For example, police dogs inhaling TNT explosives while performing tasks can also cause hemolytic anemia.
3. Antigen-antibody reaction. Hemolytic anemia in newborn dogs is due to the different blood types of the newborn puppies and the blood types of the mother dogs. After the puppies eat breast milk, an antigen-antibody reaction occurs, causing hemolytic anemia in the puppies.
4. Other factors, such as febrile diseases, lymphosarcoma, myeloid leukemia, plasma hemoglobinemia, and red blood cell pyruvate kinase deficiency, can cause hemolytic anemia.

c) Nutritional anemia:

Refers to the anemia that occurs when dogs lack certain hematopoietic substances, affecting the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This is nutritional anemia.
1. Protein deficiency: caused by insufficient protein intake by animals or chronic digestive dysfunction.
2. Trace element deficiency: iron, copper, and cobalt deficiency. Clinically, iron deficiency anemia is common. Iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis: copper deficiency can also lead to reduced hemoglobin synthesis.
3. Vitamin deficiency: Deficiency of vitamin B1, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folic acid, and hydroxyl acid will lead to disorders in the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in nutritional anemia.
4. Most of the above factors are caused by the dog's single food, chronic digestive tract diseases and intestinal parasitic diseases, which cause intestinal absorption dysfunction, leading to nutritional anemia over time.

d), aplastic anemia:

Aplastic anemia refers to anemia caused by disorders of the dog's bone marrow hematopoietic function.
1. Poisoning. Certain heavy metals, such as gold, arsenic, bismuth, etc.; certain organic compounds, such as benzene, phenol, trichlorethylene, etc.; certain excessive therapeutic drugs, such as chloramphenicol, sulfa drugs. can cause aplasticanemia.
2. Radiation damage. Exposure to large amounts of X-rays and certain radioactive elements can damage bone marrow cells, red blood cells, osteoid cells and megakaryocytes, causing these cells to suffer irreversible damage, leading to loss of hematopoietic function.
3. Certain diseases. Such as: chronic kidney disease, leukemia, hematopoietic organ tumors, etc. All can lead to aplastic anemia.

Key points for diagnosis of anemia in dogs

a) Hemorrhagic anemia

According to clinical symptoms, the diagnosis can be confirmed by checking the red blood cell count and hematocrit.
1. Visible mucous membranes, pale skin, rapid heartbeat, and general muscle weakness.
2. Symptoms are proportional to the amount of bleeding. Excessive bleeding may cause collapse, restlessness, decreased blood pressure, coldness in the limbs, ears and nose, unsteady gait, and muscle tremors. In the later stage, drowsiness, coma, and shock may be seen.
3. Dogs with small amount of bleeding and chronic bleeding. The initial symptoms are not obvious. However, the sick dog can gradually lose weight, and the visible mucous membrane gradually develops from light red to white. It is listless, general weakness, lethargy, inactive, fast and weak pulse, and shallow breathing. Slight edema of the lower jaw and limbs is often seen. Severe cases can lead to shock, heart failure or death.

b) Hemolytic anemia:

The main symptoms are: yellowing of the dog's mucous membranes, yellowing of the skin and corners of the mouth, depression, weakness in movement, weight loss, and later visible yellowing of the mucous membranes, lethargy, Hemoglobinuria.

c) Nutritional anemia:

1. Nutritional anemia develops slowly and mainly manifests as progressive weight loss and malnutrition.
2. The dog's body is weak and weak, with a curled abdomen, rough coat, pale mucous membranes, high weakness in later movements, shaking, difficulty in standing up after falling to the ground, until lying on the ground and complete body failure.

d), aplastic anemia:

The clinical symptoms of aplastic anemia develop relatively slowly. In addition to the above three anemia symptoms, they are mainly manifested in changes in the blood image and low levels of red blood cells and white and red proteins. , reticulocytes disappear in the blood.

Prevention and treatment measures for dog anemia

a) Hemorrhagic anemia:

1. For traumatic bleeding, ligation, compression and tourniquet can be used to stop bleeding. For bleeding at the end of the limbs, the owner can use a tourniquet to stop the bleeding and immediately send it to a veterinary hospital for treatment.
2. Injection of hemostatic drugs, hemostatic sensitivity 25 mg/kg body weight; vitamin K, 30.4 mg/kg body weight: vitamin K, 11 mg/kg body weight; coagulopathy 1.5 mg/kg body weight.
3. To replenish blood volume, dextran, glucose, compound saline, and amino acid preparations can be infused intravenously. 4. Veterinary hospitals with conditions should provide blood transfusion therapy.​

b), hemolytic anemia

1. Rehydration and blood transfusion therapy.
2. For toxic diseases, give antidotes.
3. For parasitic infection, give insecticide treatment. 4. Combined with hormone therapy, such as cortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone.

c) Nutritional anemia:

1. Strengthen feeding, supplement hematopoietic substances, and provide protein-rich and vitamin-rich foods. 2. In addition, glucose and various amino acid preparations can be supplemented to help restore body function.

d), aplastic anemia:

1. Blood transfusion therapy. Blood transfusion is performed after a blood matching test, and the blood transfusion rate should be slow, usually 10 to 15 ml/kg of body weight per hour. The amount of blood transfusion can be given according to the specific volume of the sick dog. 2. Anabolic hormone therapy. For example: Testosterone (can stimulate red blood cell production) 1 to 2 mg/kg of body weight, intramuscular injection, 1 to 3 times a week: Stanozolol 0.4 to 0.6 mg/kg of body weight, taken orally once every 2 to 3 days.